A look at the Indian Army's Main Battle Tank programs
Posted By Saurav Jha
The Arjun MK II MBT |
In August 2014, the Defence Acquisition Council(DAC)
finally gave the go ahead for 118 Arjun Mk-2 MBTs for an order value of
about Rs 6600 crores.This signalled a return to production for the Arjun
MBT line at Heavy Vehicles factory (HVF), Avadi that had been lying
idle since 2010-11 when the last Arjun Mk-Is rolled out. Nevertheless
the piecemeal order is indicative of the fact that the Indian Army (IA)
continues to insist upon the demonstration of a potent missile firing
capability from the Arjun Mk-2's gun before it places an indent for a
much larger order. And a much larger order, as has been known to the
Ministry of Defence (MoD) is absolutely needed to make it viable to
indigenize various sub-systems in the Arjun Mk-2. Meanwhile, the IA
continues to face issues with its pool of T-90S MBTs and is increasingly
turning to the Defence Research & Development Organization(DRDO) to
upgrade these tanks with domestically developed technologies in a
manner resembling DRDO's Combat Improved Ajeya (CIA) program for
existing T-72s in the IA's inventory. Be that as it may the IA has to
support economies of scale in the overall Arjun program as that will
have a direct bearing on India's ability to productionize the Future
Main Battle Tank (FMBT) that is needed to replace the IA's ageing T-72
park heading into the 2020s.
The
Arjun Mk-2 variant developed by DRDO's Combat Vehicles Research and
Development Establishment (CVRDE) essentially grew out of the IA's
recommended upgrades post the Arjun Mk-I's comparative trials with the
T-90S which included among other things the incorporation of an
anti-tank missile firing capability, an increase in penetrating power of
ammunition used and the mounting of explosive reactive armour (ERA)
panels. In order to comply with these requests besides generally
updating the Mk-I design and making its assemblies more production
friendly, CVRDE has made some 89 upgrades to the baseline Mk-1,
including 19 major improvements such as the incorporation of animproved
commander's panoramic sight, a track width mine plough, automatic target
tracking,power driven air defence gun, advanced running gear system,
final drive with reduction ratio, an improved slip ring, capability to
fire new thermobaric ammunition,ERA, a laser warning countermeasure
system, and a new auxiliary power unit (APU) generating in excess of 8
KW of power i.e double that of the Mk-1's APU.
The
Arjun Mk-2 also features the capability to fire the Israeli LAHAT
missile in an anti-tank role through its 120 mm main gun. However the
LAHAT has turned out to be a sticking point between the IA and DRDO
since besides uneven accuracy, smoke regurgitation from the LAHAT
missile into the fighting compartment as it is fired through the main
gun has been deemed as too hazardous by the IA. As of now DRDO has
dropped the LAHAT from its Arjun Mk-2 MBT plans and is instead pursuing
the Canon Launched Guided Missile (CLGM) being developed indigenously at
the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL).
The
missile firing capability requirement grew out of the fact that though
the Arjun Mk-I with a score of 25.77 beat the T-90S with a score of
24.50 in the firepower criteria during the 2010 comparative trials if
the T-90S's missile firing capability were to be kept aside, the T-90
fared marginally better in the overall final score primarily on account
of its Invar missile firing capability. The comparative trials were on
four parameters viz. fire power, survivability, reliability and
miscellaneous issues of the tank with weightages of 40, 35, 15 and 10
respectively. As per the trial report, MBT Arjun performed better than
the T-90 tank in accuracy and consistency of firepower. However, the
T-90S seems to have performed better in lethality and missile firing
capability. Importantly, the IA concluded (April 2010) that "Arjun had
performed creditably and it could be employed both for offensive and
defensive tasks with same efficacy of T-90 tank'.
Now
if the Mk-I itself could do that, then the Mk-2 given its technology,
will certainly do far better. In fact in terms of both firepower and
survivability the Mk-I will easily surpass Eastern Bloc tanks with or
without taking into account a missile firing capability. As such the
Arjun Mk-2 is clearly something that the IA should be using to overmatch
Pakistani tanks, especially in the desert sector where the T-90S's
electronics and sights have been known to function erratically. This is
now sought to be remedied, by retrofitting existing T-90Ss with an
air-conditioning unit being developed by DRDO. In fact other sub-systems
developed by DRDO for the Arjun Mk-2 program are also expected to be
featured in the T-90S including CVRDE's ERA Mk-II. A DRDO developed
commander's non panoramic thermal imaging sight for the T-90S has also
entered production with Bharat Electronics Limited and the Ordnance
Factory Board. The T-90S will also use indigenous high accuracy fibre
optic gyros developed by DRDO's Research Center Imarat (RCI) and feature
fire control systems originally developed for the Arjun Mk-2.
So,
the T-90S upgrade path is similar to that followed for modifying
T-72M1s to the CIA standard which includes indigenous ERA, navigation
aids, an uprated 1000 HP power pack, fire suppression system, new
displays and sights. Almost a 1000 CIA's have been delivered to the IA,
which now probably feels that the time is ripe for upgrading older T-90S
lots besides building new ones with the improved features, since
production seems to have finally stabilized at around 90-100 units a
year.
The T-90S's domestic
production at HVF after all has been a difficult process with the
Russian OEM refusing to transfer technology for vital assemblies such as
the gun system (including the barrel) and turret armour plates. For the
first 175 T-90s produced at Avadi, the gun system had to be imported
off the shelf from Russia. However starting 2012, an indigenous 125 mm
smooth bore gun developed by DRDO with a 'modified chemistry barrel' of
the existing T-72 gun has gone into production having completed trials
in 2010.This modified chemistry barrel has also successfully completed a
life cycle test conducted at Armoured Corps Centre & School
Ahmednagar. The last two years have also seen the indigenization of the
T-90S's commander hatch control unit, indigenous production of 50 types
of critical optical components of the T-90Sand indigenously developed
cable harnesses for the same. Overall the latest batches of T-90Ss will
be between 80-90 percent indigenous by value. At the moment HVF is
racing to fulfil the old indent of 300 tanks (of which 80 percent may
have been delivered) and is looking to commence production for some 236
more tanks as per the December 2013 indent given to it by the IA.
Overall the number of T-90Ss in the IA's inventory today is just over
900 units.
Even as the domestic
production of the T-90S stabilizes there may be a move underway to
procure some 354 T-90MS tanks from Russia directly to counter the
Chinese at some points on the LAC. Proposals for any more direct import
from Russia however is a little strange given that the focus instead
should be on producing sizeable numbers of Arjun Mk-2s and deploying
them in the Punjab and Jammu sectors as well which would free up enough
domestically built T-90Ss to be deployed against China. With a power
/weight ratio of 21.0, and the nominal ground pressure (NGP) of 0.95
kg/cm2 the Arjun Mk-2 is more than capable of being deployed in these
areas. Moreover the .feasibility report by the railways has confirmed
that the movement of Arjun loaded wagon anywhere is not a problem. The
Arjun Mk-2 is strategically mobile enough to be deployed to Punjab
especially given that enough bridging equipment of maximum load class 70
is available anyway.
A larger
production run for the Arjun Mk-2 say of the order of about 500 units
will allow its developers to indigenize about 70 percent of its systems,
from the current 40 percent. This is important because having domestic
suppliers for these systems with stabilized quality will make it easier
to productionize the proposed FMBT at a future date which will use
sub-systems of this variety that have been refined and improved. It must
be noted that while CIA induction is well and good many of the IA's
T-72s will run out of their designed service lives by the early 2020s
which would mean that new tanks would have to replace them given the
IA's authorized tank strength of some 3717 units.
Some
of the replacements will be Arjun Mk-2s themselves, others however will
be the FMBT that will have to be kept at around 50 tons by weight as
far the IA's broad requirements go. The IA however has still not been
able to narrow down precisely what it wants from the FMBT, but broadly
speaking this tank will feature either a 125 mm or 120 mm smoothbore gun
with missile firing capability, an active protection system, next
generation hydro-pneumatic suspension that will be succeeded by fully
active suspension and a power pack that generates either 1500 or 1800
HP. At the moment it seems that the 1500 HP Bharat Power Pack under
development as a national mission mode project involving DRDO and
industry will power the FMBT which the IA may want to be closer to 45-50
tons than not.
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